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Paris: Macron said Russian hackers are targeting his campaign (Photo: Lisa Kline1)

Russia’s cyber war: past, present, and future

News reports about Russian hackers infiltrating one country or another are now a daily occurrence.

Some of these attacks are more significant than others, such as the Russian assault on the American election of 2016. Now France and Germany are voicing concerns that their elections may be the next target.

Other serious incidents involve cyber attacks on critical infrastructure, such as the power grid in western Ukraine.

In this context, it is instructive to revisit the begi...

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Disclaimer

The views expressed in this opinion piece are the author’s, not those of EUobserver
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